Revisiting the Lake Geneva SAR image

I realized my first processing of the Sentinel 1A radar image of Walworth County, WI, was deficient and I lost a lot of the details, so here's a much better grab of the HH channel.

Synthetic Aperture Radar data of Lake Geneva, Wisconsin

I happened upon a nice description of how to grab data off of the ESA's Sentinel satellite via Evan Appelgate and there's a bunch of interesting things in the data. It was taken just this Tuesday morning at 7:11AM. The winds were out of the north at 8MPH and overcast. You can see in the image the effect of the wind creating a rougher, more radar scattering surface on Lake Geneva--dark at the north shore, transitioning to a very slightly rougher surface to the south.

Click to enlarge. There's a lot more interesting things to look at--that's just the first thing that jumped out at me.

near-IR Yerkes Observatory

Click to enlarge. Image taken on April 22th, 2007 with Canon S300. Hue/Autolevels modified.

400 Years of the Telescope: Friday on PBS

This such an auspicious year. I watched an interview on Chicago Tonight with one of the creators of "400 Years of the Telescope", to be broadcast on PBS this Friday. Immediately a shot of the Yerkes 40-inch refractor passed by in glorious HD, a scope I am intimately familiar with, and now I am compelled to watch. Friday at 8PM on WTTW. Of course, I am very happy when E.E. Barnard pops up on the schedule page on the site--Barnard's experimentation with astrophotography has a tie to the RAS observatory: our 1895 Warner and Swasey mount was first lent to Yerkes Observatory so Barnard could test camera lenses.

A Trip Back in Time and Space -- Harvard's Cosmos

The New York Times has a good article on a dedicated effort to digitize the Harvard Observatory plate archive.

I hope Chicago eventually does the same with the Yerkes collection. With the closing of the Yerkes Library, much of the plate collection is coming down to campus, although I don't know how much of the telescopic plate collection is coming. Yerkes has a fantastic historical photo collection of observatories, instruments, and astronomers.

Yerkes Observatory trip

The Ryerson Astronomical Society sponsored a trip up to Yerkes Observatory this weekend. We split the 60-odd visitors into three groups and showed them the observatory through twilight. I got to show them the basement and the 24-inch reflector--fairly mundane things, and there is only so much you can opine about the difference between astronomy and astrophysics three times in a row. So, while talking about the infrared camera called HAWC on the second-generation flying telescope called SOFIA, scheduled for its first test flight today!, I tried my best to talk about light outside of our visible range. And I had to bring up near-infrared radiation and took some examples with each group. The above image is from the next morning. Everyone hopefully had fun looking through all the scopes, including the world's largest refractor, at various targets. Halfway through the observing I moved the 24-inch onto Messier 51, the spectacularly interacting galaxy pair in Canes Venatici, just off the handle of the Big Dipper. I would say some two-thirds or more of the visitors saw the spiral arms. After the big group left, the overnighters returned to the 24-inch at as M51 was transitting, the arms were much more evident.

(An example from Ryerson Observatory of M51).

Carl Sagan

Carl Sagan died ten years ago today. Has it really been ten years? I guess I can say it has: new visitors to Ryerson Observatory often do not know who he was and miss some of the symbology of the one-hundred-and-six-year-old refractor they are peering through. What they don't realize is how important he was not to the advancement of science, but to public science education.

He was a student here at Chicago; he was, as the picture indicates, president of the University of Chicago Astronomical Society (now known as the Ryerson Astronomical Society). After his short stay in the college he went to the Astronomy department and left a Ph.D. I quote a visit from John Musgrave, a member of the Society, to Yerkes during Sagan's period there:

I remember the one Yerkes night we had that fall (1958): it was cloudy; 
but if it had been clear we could have used any of the telescopes as no
one was using them for research - no one on staff greeted us - just some
"lowly grad students".  Rather than observe we heard a lively spur of
the moment lecture by a post-doc introduced to us in somewhat apologetic
tones -  "we don't know if he is for real or not" - unusual even by U of
C standards. It was Carl Sagan and he spoke about the possibility of
extraterrestrial  life (maybe other things as well - but with Carl I
remember the performance more than the content - including waving
arms).  I guess the "we aren't really sure about this guy" label haunted
him through to the end.

I often wonder what the dismal atmosphere of a coal-smoked Chicago was like for astronomy in the early fifties--and whether the old cranky telescope (fifty-two years old then, in 1952) did anything to inspire future thoughts. His logs are short, and there never seemed to be much observing or possibility of observing. See here for a scan of a sample logbook page. Or here for the entire text of the 1952-1964 logbook.



A member of the club in the seventies, when Sagan was back on campus showing off images of the new Viking landers on Mars, got him to sign the logbook yet again. I never met him, but a fellow RAS member at the time, Chris Conselice, was in attendance when they created a graduate student award in the astronomy and astrophysics department. He said he looked quite frail--this would have been 1995 or 96.

Keay Davidson in his biography, "Carl Sagan: A Life", writes:

And atop Ryerson Hall, he and a band of future astonomers learned (with the guidance of the astronomy club advisor, Guy C. Omer Jr.), how to operate equipment in the campus observatory. Other club members included Tobias Owen, who, like Sagan, would go on to a distinguished astronomical career. Sagan ran the astronomy club's "theoretical" section, and arranged speeches by famous professors such as Subrahmanyan Chandrasekhar.

Omer "taught me how to make the right ascension and declination drives go, and gave me a key to the observatory... and so there I was: I could go and look at the stars if ever there was a clear night in Chicago," Sagan later recalled. Yet he wasn't much of a stargazer. The club's logbooks show that Owen and several other members showed up night after night, for years, to meticulously record their observations. But Sagan observed only seven nights between October 1952 and November 1953; and when he observed, he left only terse notes. One searches the logbooks in vain for early fragments of Saganish eloquence. His most vivid entry dates from 2:15 to 3 AM on November 25, 1952, during his sophomore year: "Some [cloud] openings; then clouded over. Also COLD."

...

"Much more important" than stargazing, he later joked, was that at Ryerson Observatory, "I could bring young women to a place where could be undisturbed--which was far and away more important than being able to look through the six-inch telescope!"

In that spirit I leave you with this cartoon from the 1957 Cap and Gown. (My notes have it mislabeled as 1953--it could be 53 or 57, it matters not):

Visual/Infrared comparisons

This is a split screen image of Yerkes Observatory in the visual and near-infrared. I moved the camera in between images and wasn't planning in advance, but the comparison still works. You can see the pine tree turns white, the blue sky turns very dark, and the tones of the brickwork and dome sheeting subtly change.

Car Windows
Automobile windows, we are all taught, are wonderful examples of the greenhouse effect. Visible light streams in, is absorbed by the car's interior, and converted to heat. The thermal infrared light is then reradiated by the interior but unable to escape the glass, and the car heats up.

Manufacturers are well aware of this fact, and today's cars have a higher glass to surface ratio than older ones. Given this, why aren't we melting the plastics in the car?

We could tint the windows, to reduce the total light into the car, but this is dangerous at night, and is completely impractical for the windshield.

The answer is in the glass itself. Automotive glass contains a special additive to absorb near-infrared light. NIR is worthless to human vision, but can contribute significantly to the heat load of a car. (I can't remember the reference, but I've read it can be 50%).

Here is an image of a car that visually had no tinted windows; indeed, no one can opaque their windshield legally:


A spectral graph of a glass like that is here. (Link used to go to a nice graph but it's missing).

Currency
You can see that American currency has some sort of blank stripe code on the back of the new bills: http://www.lib.uchicago.edu/~dean/infrared/slides/IMG_4784.html.
I saw this at here; and then a simple search shows that it is no secret but a great anti-counterfeiting technique: http://www.accubanker.com/support/irmappings.phtml

Plants
These need a separate post.
P.S. Here's an image of a Linne statue with a false-color mapping.
My infrared gallery
IR hosta
Bushes in the near-IR

Aurora photos from Yerkes Observatory

This Saturday members of the Ryerson Astronomical Society visited Yerkes Observatory to use the 41-inch reflector. Luckily the clouds cleared for observing until midnight or so, when the clouds reappeared. While taking a break, I noticed a faint glow low to the north, and assumed it was scattered light from the setting first quarter moon, but then I realized the moon was too far to the west for that to happen. Then the glow turned green, and I knew we had an aurora. The clouds cleared out, and we were treated to a fantastic display of the northern lights. It started out green and in the north, and spread overhead, where it suddenly changed color and we saw light pastel blue and violets in addition to the green. The display continued until dawn at 4AM.

http://astro.uchicago.edu/RAS/rchive/yerkes-aurora/index.html